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Voices Across the Centuries

321 commentators · 157586 excerpts

See how the Church has read every verse across two millennia — Matthew Henry, John Calvin, Augustine of Hippo, John Chrysostom and dozens more, opened verse by verse from inside the Reader.

Open any chapter and click the Voices tab in the right panel

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Old Testament

New Testament

Deuterocanonical

Reformers

Martin Luther 6 excerpts
1483 — 1546
German Augustinian friar whose 95 Theses (1517) ignited the Reformation. His commentary on Galatians became a Protestant landmark.
Wikipedia
John Calvin 7 excerpts
1509 — 1564
French Reformer of Geneva; his commentaries on most biblical books set the standard for Reformed exegesis.
Wikipedia
Ulrich Zwingli 3 excerpts
1531
Erasmus of Rotterdam 19 excerpts
1536
John of the Cross 2 excerpts
1591

Puritans

Matthew Henry 5302 excerpts
1662 — 1714
English Nonconformist minister; his devotional commentary on the whole Bible (1714) remains widely read three centuries later.
Wikipedia
John Gill 29486 excerpts
1697 — 1771
English Particular Baptist; produced an exhaustive verse-by-verse exposition of the entire Bible (1748).
Wikipedia
John Wesley 4 excerpts
1703 — 1791
Anglican cleric and founder of Methodism; his "Explanatory Notes Upon the Whole Bible" condenses scholarly exegesis for lay readers.
Wikipedia

Church Fathers

Book of Enoch 6 excerpts
300 BC
Book of Jubilees 2 excerpts
100 BC
Sibylline Oracles 1 excerpt
100 BC
James 3 excerpts
49
Galatians 11 excerpts
50
Philo of Alexandria 24 excerpts
50
1 Corinthians 18 excerpts
55
2 Corinthians 13 excerpts
56
Romans 56 excerpts
56
Mark 23 excerpts
60
Matthew 41 excerpts
60
Luke 21 excerpts
61
Acts 34 excerpts
62
Ephesians 7 excerpts
62
Philippians 1 excerpt
62
1 Timothy 1 excerpt
64
1 Peter 15 excerpts
65
2 Peter 1 excerpt
68
Hebrews 33 excerpts
69
Jude 1 excerpt
70
John 14 excerpts
90
Revelation 7 excerpts
96
Clement of Rome 131 excerpts
99
Book of Biblical Antiquities 1 excerpt
100
Didache 55 excerpts
100
Josephus 13 excerpts
100
Justin Martyr 172 excerpts
100 — 165
Early Christian apologist; defended the faith to Roman emperors and articulated Christ as the divine Logos.
Wikipedia
Ignatius of Antioch 246 excerpts
108
Odes of Solomon 4 excerpts
125
Irenaeus of Lyons 792 excerpts
130 — 202
Bishop of Lyon and student of Polycarp (disciple of John). His "Against Heresies" anchored apostolic tradition against Gnosticism.
Wikipedia
Papias of Hierapolis 15 excerpts
130
Epistle of Barnabas 16 excerpts
132
Pseudo-Barnabas 2 excerpts
132
Pseudo-Clement 173 excerpts
140
Clement of Alexandria 982 excerpts
150 — 215
Greek theologian who fused biblical faith with classical philosophy in 2nd-century Alexandria.
Wikipedia
Epistle to Diognetus 1 excerpt
150
Gospel of the Hebrews 3 excerpts
150
Protoevangelium of James 2 excerpts
150
Polycarp of Smyrna 56 excerpts
155
Tertullian 3452 excerpts
155 — 220
North African Latin theologian; coined much of Western Christian vocabulary including "Trinity".
Wikipedia
Shepherd of Hermas 115 excerpts
160
Abercius 1 excerpt
167
Hippolytus of Rome 520 excerpts
170 — 235
Roman presbyter and prolific exegete; wrote against heresies and authored early liturgical texts.
Wikipedia
Muratorian fragment 1 excerpt
170
Dionysius of Corinth 3 excerpts
171
Heracleon 2 excerpts
175
Hegesippus 8 excerpts
180
Melito of Sardis 5 excerpts
180
Tatian the Assyrian 12 excerpts
180
Valentinus 1 excerpt
180
Origen of Alexandria 2738 excerpts
184 — 253
Greatest scholar of the early Church; produced the Hexapla (six-column OT) and verse-by-verse commentaries on most of Scripture.
Wikipedia
Theophilus of Antioch 16 excerpts
185
Athenagoras of Athens 9 excerpts
190
Polycrates Of Ephesus 5 excerpts
196
Acts of Peter 2 excerpts
200
Caius Presbyter of Rome 1 excerpt
200
Cyprian of Carthage 887 excerpts
200 — 258
Bishop of Carthage and martyr; wrote on church unity, baptism, and pastoral care.
Wikipedia
Liturgy of Addai and Mari 1 excerpt
200
Martyrdom Of Polycarp 5 excerpts
200
The Liturgy Of The Blessed Apostles 3 excerpts
200
The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity 4 excerpts
203
Pope Zephyrinus 3 excerpts
217
Zephyrinus 2 excerpts
217
Callistus I of Rome 13 excerpts
223
Didascalia Apostolorum 6 excerpts
230
Pope Urban I 9 excerpts
230
Pope Pontian 1 excerpt
235
Pope Anterus 9 excerpts
236
Julius Africanus 5 excerpts
240
Commodian 8 excerpts
250
Fabian of Rome 17 excerpts
250
Marcus Minucius Felix 3 excerpts
250
Alexander of Jerusalem 1 excerpt
251
Faustinus of Lyon 1 excerpt
254
Novatian 62 excerpts
258
Eusebius of Caesarea 423 excerpts
263 — 339
Father of Church history; his "Ecclesiastical History" preserved the story of the early Church.
Wikipedia
Dionysius of Alexandria 47 excerpts
264
Pope Dionysius 2 excerpts
268
Gregory of Neocaesarea 32 excerpts
270
Theognostus Of Alexandria 1 excerpt
270
Malchion 1 excerpt
272
Archelaus of Carrhae 1 excerpt
278
Athanasius of Alexandria 360 excerpts
296 — 373
Bishop of Alexandria; chief defender of Nicene orthodoxy against Arianism.
Wikipedia
Ammonius of Alexandria 70 excerpts
300
Liturgy of Saint Mark 4 excerpts
300
Pseudo-Cyprian 3 excerpts
300
The Passing of Mary 1 excerpt
300
Theonas of Alexandria 8 excerpts
300
Victorinus of Pettau 146 excerpts
304
Ephrem the Syrian 790 excerpts
306 — 373
Syriac deacon and hymnographer; called "the Harp of the Spirit" for his poetic theology.
Wikipedia
Phileas of Thmuis 2 excerpts
306
Pamphilus of Caesarea 2 excerpts
309
Hilary of Poitiers 762 excerpts
310 — 367
Gallic bishop; "Athanasius of the West" who defended Trinitarian orthodoxy in Latin.
Wikipedia
Methodius of Olympus 204 excerpts
311
Peter of Alexandria 27 excerpts
311
Theodore Stratelates 52 excerpts
319
Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius 118 excerpts
325
Alexander of Alexandria 34 excerpts
328
Gregory of Nazianzus 286 excerpts
329 — 390
Cappadocian Father; "the Theologian" whose orations shaped Trinitarian dogma.
Wikipedia
Arnobius of Sicca 13 excerpts
330
Basil of Caesarea 724 excerpts
330 — 379
Cappadocian Father; pioneered Christian monasticism and articulated the doctrine of the Holy Spirit.
Wikipedia
Gregory of Nyssa 419 excerpts
335 — 395
Cappadocian Father; mystical theologian who explored the soul's ascent toward God.
Wikipedia
Arius 1 excerpt
336
Ambrose of Milan 2137 excerpts
339 — 397
Bishop of Milan, mentor to Augustine; defended Nicene orthodoxy and shaped Western liturgy.
Wikipedia
Asterius of Cappadocia 13 excerpts
341
Aphrahat the Persian Sage 67 excerpts
345
Jerome 6094 excerpts
347 — 420
Translator of the Latin Vulgate Bible; biblical scholar whose commentaries shaped Western exegesis for a millennium.
Wikipedia
John Chrysostom 7449 excerpts
347 — 407
Patriarch of Constantinople; "Golden-Mouthed" preacher whose homilies cover most of the New Testament verse by verse.
Wikipedia
Pachomius the Great 36 excerpts
348
Julius Firmicus Maternus 1 excerpt
350
Syncletica of Alexandria 2 excerpts
350
Augustine of Hippo 7864 excerpts
354 — 430
Bishop of Hippo; the most influential Father of the Western Church. Author of Confessions, City of God, and vast biblical commentary.
Wikipedia
Ammon of Hadrianopolis 1 excerpt
355
Anthony the Great 2 excerpts
356
Eusebius of Emesa 11 excerpts
360
Eustathius of Antioch 2 excerpts
360
Gaudentius of Rimini 4 excerpts
360
Potamius of Lisbon 4 excerpts
360
Acacius of Caesarea 3 excerpts
366
Ambrosiaster 1046 excerpts
366 — 384
Anonymous 4th-century Latin commentator on the Pauline epistles, long misattributed to Ambrose.
Wikipedia
Theodorus of Tabennese 3 excerpts
368
Gaius Marius Victorinus 220 excerpts
370
Lucifer of Cagliari 1 excerpt
370
Eusebius of Vercelli 2 excerpts
371
Cyril of Alexandria 2296 excerpts
376 — 444
Patriarch of Alexandria; defended the title Theotokos for Mary and articulated Christ's unity at Ephesus (431).
Wikipedia
Titus of Bostra 88 excerpts
378
Macrina the Younger 4 excerpts
379
Apostolic Constitutions 344 excerpts
380
Oresiesis-Heru-sa Ast 3 excerpts
380
Council of Constantinople of 381 1 excerpt
381
Apollinaris of Laodicea 74 excerpts
382
Pseudo-Ambrose 8 excerpts
384
Cyril of Jerusalem 318 excerpts
386
Horsiesios 12 excerpts
387
Diodorus of Tarsus 133 excerpts
390
Nemesius of Emesa 6 excerpts
390
Optatus of Milevis 1 excerpt
390
Palladius of Antioch 1 excerpt
390
Ticonius 95 excerpts
390
Macarius of Egypt 6 excerpts
391
Pacian of Barcelona 42 excerpts
391
Gregory of Elvira 22 excerpts
392
Theodoret of Cyrus 1408 excerpts
393 — 458
Antiochene exegete and Church historian; wrote literal commentaries on most of the Old Testament.
Wikipedia
Ammonas of Egypt 1 excerpt
396
Philastrius of Brescia 2 excerpts
397
Didymus the Blind 321 excerpts
398
Evagrius Ponticus 115 excerpts
399
Adamantius 1 excerpt
400
Book of Steps 1 excerpt
400
Hegemonius 3 excerpts
400
Pseudo-Hegesippus 1 excerpt
400
Pseudo-Ignatius 3 excerpts
400
Amphilochius of Iconium 2 excerpts
403
Epiphanius of Salamis 45 excerpts
403
Chromatius of Aquileia 120 excerpts
406
Gaudentius of Brescia 15 excerpts
410
Prudentius 59 excerpts
410
Council of Carthage of 411 1 excerpt
411
Tyrannius Rufinus 56 excerpts
411
Theophilus of Alexandria 7 excerpts
412
Aurelius Prudentius Clemens 10 excerpts
413
Nicetas of Remesiana 24 excerpts
414
Pelagius 467 excerpts
418
Council of Carthage of 419 1 excerpt
419
Fastidius 2 excerpts
420
Palladius of Galatia 6 excerpts
420
Paulus Orosius 7 excerpts
420
Paulinus of Milan 4 excerpts
422
Severian of Gabala 143 excerpts
425
Sulpicius Severus 4 excerpts
425
Theodore of Mopsuestia 493 excerpts
428
Marcus Eremita 3 excerpts
430
Council of Ephesus 3 excerpts
431
Paulinus of Nola 23 excerpts
431
John Cassian 272 excerpts
435
Acacius of Beroea 1 excerpt
437
Possidius 1 excerpt
437
Socrates Scholasticus 1 excerpt
439
John I of Antioch 1 excerpt
441
Vincent of Lérins 9 excerpts
445
Proclus of Constantinople 3 excerpts
446
Theodotus of Ancyra 4 excerpts
446
Eucherius of Lyon 4 excerpts
449
Eznik of Kolb 7 excerpts
449
Hilary of Arles 167 excerpts
449
Abba Poemen 5 excerpts
450
Hesychius of Jerusalem 62 excerpts
450
Isidore of Pelusium 11 excerpts
450
John the Solitary 1 excerpt
450
Peter Chrysologus 160 excerpts
450
Quodvultdeus 28 excerpts
450
Nilus of Sinai 25 excerpts
451
Julian of Eclanum 68 excerpts
455
Prosper of Aquitaine 17 excerpts
455
Arnobius the Younger 73 excerpts
460
Valerian of Cimiez 19 excerpts
460
Leo the Great 165 excerpts
461
Patrick of Ireland 3 excerpts
461
Maximus of Turin 117 excerpts
465
Shenoute the Archimandrite 5 excerpts
465
Basil of Seleucia 5 excerpts
468
Gennadius of Constantinople 53 excerpts
471
Besa The Copt 2 excerpts
474
Vigilius of Thapsus 17 excerpts
484
Cassiodorus 458 excerpts
485 — 585
Roman statesman turned monk; wrote a complete commentary on the Psalms and preserved classical learning.
Wikipedia
Diadochos of Photiki 3 excerpts
486
Faustus of Riez 3 excerpts
490
Isaiah the Solitary 1 excerpt
491
Gennadius of Massilia 2 excerpts
496
Acts of Peter and Paul 2 excerpts
500
Ambrosian Hymn Writer 1 excerpt
500
Aponius 21 excerpts
500
Desert Fathers 276 excerpts
500
Eusebius of Gaul 1 excerpt
500
Pseudo-Chrysostom 373 excerpts
500
Salvian the Presbyter 65 excerpts
500
Victor Vitensis 2 excerpts
500
Victor of Cartenna 1 excerpt
500
Julianus Pomerius 2 excerpts
505
Epiphanius Scholasticus 23 excerpts
510
Jacob of Serugh 4 excerpts
521
Magnus Felix Ennodius 2 excerpts
521
Philoxenus of Mabbug 12 excerpts
523
Procopius of Gaza 40 excerpts
528
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 12 excerpts
532
Fulgentius of Ruspe 165 excerpts
533
Remigius of Rheims 309 excerpts
533
Pseudo-Macarius 7 excerpts
534
Eugippius 2 excerpts
535
Severus of Antioch 38 excerpts
538
Gregory the Great 3352 excerpts
540 — 604
Pope Gregory I; his Moralia in Job is a masterwork of allegorical exegesis.
Wikipedia
Caesarius of Arles 451 excerpts
542
Arator 45 excerpts
544
Facundus of Hermiane 1 excerpt
544
Venerable Barsanuphius and John the Prophet 6 excerpts
545
Benedict of Nursia 9 excerpts
548
Oecumenius 1829 excerpts
550
Verecundus of Junca 9 excerpts
552
Second Council of Constantinople 2 excerpts
553
Romanos the Melodist 31 excerpts
555
Primasius of Hadrumetum 175 excerpts
560
Dorotheos of Gaza 5 excerpts
565
Martin of Braga 12 excerpts
580
Abraham of Nathpar 2 excerpts
600
Apringius of Beja 109 excerpts
600
Olympiodorus of Alexandria 94 excerpts
600
Paschasius of Dumium 5 excerpts
600
Leander of Seville 18 excerpts
601
Paterius 41 excerpts
606
Andreas of Caesarea 424 excerpts
614
Isidore of Seville 35 excerpts
636
Sophronius of Jerusalem 5 excerpts
638
Lateran Council of 649 1 excerpt
649
Sahdona the Syrian 20 excerpts
649
Braulio of Zaragoza 11 excerpts
651
Maximus the Confessor 23 excerpts
662
Fructuosus of Braga 7 excerpts
665
Ildefonsus of Toledo 1 excerpt
667
Bede the Venerable 7088 excerpts
672 — 735
English monk and historian; commented on most of Scripture and wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People.
Wikipedia
Julian of Toledo 2 excerpts
690

Medieval

Isaac of Nineveh 64 excerpts
700
Adamnan 1 excerpt
704
Adamnán of Iona 1 excerpt
704
Jacob of Edessa 1 excerpt
708
Andrew of Crete 5 excerpts
740
John Damascene 213 excerpts
749
Cosmas of Maiuma 2 excerpts
773
John of Dalyatha 3 excerpts
780
Rabanus Maurus 445 excerpts
780 — 856
Frankish Benedictine; "Praeceptor Germaniae" who wrote commentaries on most biblical books.
Wikipedia
John of Karpathos 1 excerpt
800
Pseudo-Ephrem 1 excerpt
800
Alcuin of York 378 excerpts
804
Dhuoda of Septimania 3 excerpts
844
Theophanes of Nicaea 1 excerpt
845
Walafrid Strabo 1 excerpt
849
Ishodad of Merv 173 excerpts
850
Haymo of Halberstadt 10 excerpts
853
Haimo of Auxerre 27 excerpts
865
Paschasius Radbertus 1 excerpt
865
Berengaudus 1 excerpt
892
Photios I of Constantinople 42 excerpts
893
Arethas of Caesarea 1 excerpt
900
Agapius of Hierapolis 1 excerpt
942
Thietland of Einsiedeln 24 excerpts
945
Symeon the New Theologian 61 excerpts
1022
Theophylact of Ohrid 6645 excerpts
1055 — 1107
Byzantine archbishop; his lucid Gospel commentaries follow Chrysostom and remain standard Orthodox references.
Wikipedia
Papias the Lexicographer 3 excerpts
1060
Robert of Tombelaine 113 excerpts
1078
Lanfranc of Canterbury 1 excerpt
1089
Glossa Ordinaria 384 excerpts
1100 — 1300
The standard medieval marginal-and-interlinear Bible commentary, compiled by the school of Anselm of Laon and successors.
Wikipedia
Anselm of Canterbury 1 excerpt
1109
Anselm of Laon 2 excerpts
1117
Petrus Alphonsi 1 excerpt
1130
Bernard of Clairvaux 6 excerpts
1153
Jacob Bar-Salibi 5 excerpts
1171
Richard of Saint Victor 1 excerpt
1173
Nerses of Lambron 10 excerpts
1198
Hugh of Saint-Cher 6 excerpts
1200 — 1263
French Dominican cardinal; produced the first complete biblical concordance.
Wikipedia
Thomas Aquinas 7359 excerpts
1225 — 1274
Dominican friar and Doctor of the Church; his Catena Aurea threads patristic commentary on the four Gospels verse by verse.
Wikipedia
Nicholas of Lyra 40 excerpts
1270 — 1349
French Franciscan; pioneered the literal sense in his "Postillae Perpetuae" — Luther's favorite commentator.
Wikipedia
Ancient Greek Expositor 89 excerpts
1274
Pseudo-Augustine 29 excerpts
1274
Pseudo-Basil 3 excerpts
1274
Pseudo-Jerome 198 excerpts
1274
Pseudo-Origen 12 excerpts
1274
Nicholas of Gorran 3 excerpts
1295
Peter Olivi 1 excerpt
1298
John of Cressy 4 excerpts
1313
Gregory Palamas 6 excerpts
1359

Modern

Adam Clarke 15883 excerpts
1762 — 1832
Methodist scholar of biblical languages; his commentary (1810) draws heavily on Hebrew, Greek, and Eastern sources.
Wikipedia
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown 19336 excerpts
1802 — 1910
The trio behind the 1871 "Critical and Explanatory Commentary on the Whole Bible" — used when an excerpt is not attributed to a single author.
Wikipedia
Keil & Delitzsch 6979 excerpts
1807 — 1890
Joint authorship attribution for the Keil-Delitzsch Old Testament Commentary (used when sources cite the work without distinguishing author).
Wikipedia
JB Lightfoot 4 excerpts
1889